Hunger Games vs.Holocaust Essay examples - 1273 Words

English Literature April 22, 2012 The Hunger Games: and the role of Dehumanization The concept of dehumanization has applied to various religions, races, and nationalities throughout history. Jews have been persecuted throughout history. They were first enslaved during biblical times then during the Second World War they were sent to death camps. Dehumanization allows powerful people to make tough decisions in a more distant, cold, and rational manner (252 Haslam). In the fictional novel The Hunger Games, Selected teenagers are forced to fight for their lives in an arena when an entire nation watches on. Leaders from the capitol who are in power use this tactic to dehumanize the people from the other districts. In The Hunger†¦show more content†¦This is similar to the situation of the Jews in Night. They produced goods and services for the Nazi’s. Their gold crowns were removed form their teeth so the Nazi could use the gold’s during the war (52 Wiesel). Toward the end of The Hunger Games, the stylist team prepared the winner Katniss for h er appearance on the stage. The team was more focused on what they were doing at the time when the winner was declared than the suffering and dying happening in the arena. â€Å"I swear I nearly fainted† (354 Collins). Everything is about them not the dying boys and girls in the arena. The citizens of the capitol were so egocentric they did not have any empathy for what the tributes were going through. Whether you are a tribute or a Jew in a concentration camp you are merely a pawn to be moved in a game. When someone is dehumanized, the concepts of deserving basic needs and fair treatment do not apply (347 Opotow). In many instances the victims are actually seen as inferior or evil (417 Opotow). In The Hunger Games the tributes are denied appropriate food, water, and shelter. â€Å"Sixty seconds to take in the ring of tributes all equal distance from the cornucopia a giant golden horn shaped like a corn with a curved tail†¦spilling over with things that will give us life here in the arena† (148 Collins). The gamekeepers were going to make them fight for basic necessities. In the novel Night, the guards would deny the

William Shakespeare s Sonnet 18 - 1311 Words

Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 18† is, on the surface, another one of Shakespeare’s poems that praises the endless and otherworldly beauty of a nameless woman, lamenting that Death will eventually take it, as he takes everything. However, there is more to this sonnet than it seems. While the aforementioned description is true, the rhyming couplet coupled with Shakespeare’s trademark mastery of language and wordplay create a completely different reading experience. It is its own self-fulfilling prophecy, as the promise to immortalize the sonnet’s subject’s beauty is upheld by the mere existence and continued readings of the poem. The first quatrain is straightforward praise of the lady’s beauty. Acting like a man wooing a lady by offering her a compliment, the sonnet’s first line is a polite introduction to the rest of the admiration. At the beginning, Shakespeare plays down his poetic ability, saying that he can compare this lady to a summer’s day, but his words are inefficient. Her beauty cannot be captured by words alone, and it is impossible to compare her to a summer’s day, for she far surpasses the very idea of peak natural beauty. This is a stark contrast to the end of the sonnet where he lauds and praises his own writing, saying that her beauty itself is not self-preserving, it is his poem that will allow her beauty and him along with it to live forever. The powerful imagines of buds being shaken by harsh winds suggest that summer itself has a delicate side, and that itShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnet 182829 Words   |  12 Pagesrespective poems, the poets explore love in various forms. In Sonnet 116 we see love as pure, immeasurable and immortal; William Shakespeare continues this conceit in Sonnet 18 too. Within My Last Duchess, love explores the submissive and possessive side effects of being completely infatuated, which similarly links with La Belle, however instead of pa triarchal power, domination is shown through a woman. First Love is comparable to both Sonnets, in which love is portrayed passionately, presenting realRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnet 181231 Words   |  5 PagesShakespearean sonnets are famous for conveying the most famous of love poems; they consist of three quatrains that are written in iambic pentameter. Shakespeare deviates from the regular iamb pattern of one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable to represent the effect of time and how it is limited by mortality. William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 illustrates the theme of immortalization and how Shakespeare eternally captures his love for poetry. It is in his ability to immortalize hisRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnet 181692 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Sonnet 18† may be the most famous lyric poem in English. Among Shakespeare’s works, only lines such as â€Å"To be or not to be† and â€Å"Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?† are better-known. On the surface, this poem is a statement of praise about the beauty of the speaker’s love interest, but when you look closely you can see how the speaker is actually praising himself for his skills. This is also Shakespeare’s first poem in the sonnets that doesn’t explicitly encourage having children. The procreationRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnet 18 And 130900 Words   |  4 Pages(Line 1). These are both two of the famous lines from William Shakespeare’s sonnet 18 and 130. William Shakespeare was an intelligent English playwright, poet, and dramatist during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. He is known as one of the greatest playwrights of all time. Sonnet 18 and 130 are two of Shakespeareâ€℠¢s most famous poems. Sonnet 18 is a love poem about how he compares the woman’s love to a summer’s day. Sonnet 130 has a different approach. It is still a comparisonRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare ´s Sonnet 18 And Percy Shelleys Ozymandias994 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen at the epicenter of many great works. Both William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 and Percy Shelley’s Ozymandias discuss love for one’s self. Although both poets utilize figurative language to describe how love can be represented, they do so in very different ways. Shakespeare employs nature to act as a symbol for the love of life. In contrast, Shelley implements metaphor and allusion to demonstrate how love is finite. William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 is a love note to a young man. It was common duringRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare and Edmund Spenser771 Words   |  4 Pagesworks of William Shakespeare and Edmund Spenser it is clear that some similarities are apparent, however the two poets encompass different writing styles, as well as different topics that relate to each other in their own unique ways. In Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 18† and Spenser’s â€Å"Sonnet 75†, both poets speak of love in terms of feelings and actions by using different expressive views, allowing the similar topics to contain clear distinctions. Although Edmund Spenser’s â€Å"Sonnet 75† and William Shakespeare’sRead MoreComparing And Contrasting Two Sonnets1141 Words   |  5 Pages Comparing and Contrasting Two Sonnets ‘Sonnet 116’ by William Shakespeare and ‘What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, And Where, And Why† by Edna St. Vincent Millay are both sonnets that discuss companionship and a glimpse of each poet’s experiences. In ‘Sonnet 116’, Shakespeare illustrates how capability is weakened by its metaphysical stereotype and ideals such as, love, while on the contrary, in ‘What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, And Where, And Why† Millay feeds on the chaos between the idealRead MoreDifferent Versions Of Shall I Compare Thee And A Summer s Day?967 Words   |  4 PagesTwo Versions of Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? William Shakespeare was the original author of the famous sonnet â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?†. Shakespeare’s intentions for writing this poem was to compare his beloved to a Summer’s Day. Shakespeare wrote and published this original version of Sonnet 18 in 1609, but was rewritten in the early 1900’s by Howard Moss. Shakespeare s sonnets were published only once in his lifetime. For nearly two centuries after their first appearanceRead MoreLove in Shakespeares Sonnets 18 and 130 Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesAlmost four hundred years after his death, William Shakespeares work continues to live on through his readers. He provides them with vivid images of what love was like during the 1600s. Shakespeare put virtually indescribable feelings into beautiful words that fit the specific form of the sonnet. He wrote 154 sonnets; all of which discuss some stage or feature of love. Love was the common theme during the time Shakespeare was writing. However, Shakespeare wrote about it in such a way that captivatedRead MoreThe Sonnet By Sir Thomas Wyatt1167 Words   |  5 Pagesthere are many different types of groups within poetry. There are various types of poetry -- which include the sonnet. The sonnet was introduced by an Italian poet named Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) who introduced the creation in the 13th century (Applebee 295). He wrote over 300 love sonnets, a great number of them were dedicated to a woman named Laura. Centuries passed in which sonnets were not as popular; his work was later rediscovered by two lovelorn poets. Their names were Sir Thomas Wyatt

Recognize and Organize Patterns

Question: Discuss about the Recognize and Organize Patterns. Answer: Introduction Requirements engineering (RE) is one of the most significant phases in the Software Development Life cycle (SDLC). It comprises of elicitation, documentation and validation of the requirements and is the base of any project. The requirements that are associated with any software are categorized in to two categories as functional and non-functional requirements. It is necessary to understand, gather and analyze both of these requirement sets for the success of the project and achieve the required goals and objectives (Bochmann, 2016). The report discusses the evaluation of requirement patterns for a problem associated with software associated with the mobile phone and the assessment of problem solving technique most applicable to the scenario. A co-relation between the identified patterns has also been covered in the report. Requirement Patterns and Visual Taxonomy A pattern refers to the solution to a problem that exists in a particular system by making use of popular methods, techniques and strategies that have been previously stated and defined. There are multiple ways to describe the pattern associated with the system such as in the template form or in the degenerate or prose form as well. There are pattern languages developed on the basis of these defined patterns in order to understand the large problem space and requirements engineering is one application of the same. Software is defined as the set of programs and processes that are created and defined to perform a specific task. The following patterns help in the evaluation of the qproblem associated with the software of mobile phone (Ambler, 2016). Event Driven This is the pattern that is initiated only when a specific event occurs during the functioning of the software of the mobile phone. It will help to understand the root cause of the problem by coming up with the results of events that passed and the ones that could not go through (Konrad, 2016). This pattern makes use of when keyword. For instance, booting of phone when it is powered on Event Phone is powered on Pre-Condition Power button and hardware is functioning accurately Actor Mobile software Action Boot Capability Driven This requirement pattern will enable to understand the high level capabilities that are associated with the mobile phone software. This pattern makes use of shall be capable of capability. For instance, the software is capable of working correctly with the user interface (Roher Richardson, 2016). Event Phone is powered on and is booted Actor Mobile software Capability User interface is working correctly State Driven This is the requirements pattern that works on a specific state of the system and the mobile phone software in this case. This pattern makes use of while/during keywords. For instance, the software shall work accurately in the low power state as well and there shall be no variances with the normal battery mode (Srivastava, 2016). System State Low battery mode Actor Mobile software Action Make a phone call Object of Action Phone Management Pre/Post Condition This is the requirement pattern that works upon the set of pre condition and the post condition of the system. Start condition and the end result are specified in this pattern and will treat the mobile phone software as a black box. For instance, disk management functionality and the requirements associated with the mobile phone software in this regard can be determined with the help of this pattern (Palomares, 2016). Pre Condition More than 90% of the internal memory has been consumed Actor Mobile software Action Freeing up of disk space that is the internal memory Object of Action Internal Memory Post Condition After the freeing up of the disk space, a minimum of 20% of the memory space must be available Event Post condition is not met Actor Mobile software Action Sending the message Object of Action Error message Universal Attribute This requirement pattern states the fundamental properties that are associated with the mobile phone software. These properties exist with the software at all times. For instance, the security features are a part of all mobile software in the present era. The software must prevent any unauthenticated or unauthorized access to the system (Spinoza, 2016). Actor Mobile software Action Prevent unauthorized and unauthenticated access to the system Object of Action Mobile data and information Assessment of most Effective Problem Solving Technique Pattern matching and evaluation is an effective problem solving technique in the case of faulty mobile phone software. The event driven and state driven pattern aids in the assessment of the specific problems that are present in the system. These patterns also aid in the assessment of specific problems associated with the functional, user, system and non-functional aspects of the system. Before carrying out the pattern recognition technique for problem solving, decision making strategies such as SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) can also be carried out to understand the system and its features in a better manner. Relationship between the Patterns The patterns that have been defined earlier in relation with the problem associated with the mobile phone software have a great degree of co-relation and similar aspects between each other. All of these patterns that have been identified have a common actor as the mobile software and work on the event or state driven approach. These patterns also have a specific keyword present which helps in understanding the identified pattern and the results in a simpler way. Also, the problem-solving and decision making abilities depend on the results that are retrieved from each set of pattern. The objective associated with each pattern is also the same and every pattern aims to come up with a solution to the problem associated with the software. References Ambler, S. (2016). Requirements Engineering Patterns. Dr. Dobb's. Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://www.drdobbs.com/requirements-engineering-patterns/184414612 Bochmann, G. (2016). Basics : the Requirements Engineering Process. Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://www.site.uottawa.ca/~bochmann/SEG3101/Notes/SEG3101-ch1-2%20-%20Basics%20-%20the%20RE%20process.pdf Konrad, S. (2016). A Requirements Patterns-Driven Approach to Specify Systems and Check Properties. Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://ftp://ftp.cse.msu.edu/pub/serg/requirements/spin03.pdf Palomares, C. (2016). Definition and Use of Software Requirement Patterns in Requirements Engineering Activities. Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1138/ds3.pdf Roher, K. Richardson, D. (2016). Sustainability Requirement Patterns. Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://www.ics.uci.edu/~kroher/Kristin_Roher/Home_files/rews13repa-id6-p-18156-preprint.pdf Spinoza,. (2016). Requirements pattern | Software Specification | Ontology | Requirements Specification. Chambers.com.au. Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://www.chambers.com.au/glossary/requirements_patterns.php Srivastava, S. (2016). A Repository of Software Requirement Patterns for Online Examination System. Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://www.ijcsi.org/papers/IJCSI-10-3-2-247-255.pdf

Water Scarcity and its Effects on the Environment

Abstract The core objective of this research paper is to examine water scarcity and its effects to the environment. This research paper will lean towards a descriptive approach. Several causes of water scarcity will be reviewed in this research and subsequently suggest solutions to the problems will be discussed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Water Scarcity and its Effects on the Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In conclusion, this research paper will make a number of recommendations to ensure significant strides are achieved in curbing water scarcity. Besides, after reviewing the recommendations applied, this paper will determine ways in which the research results can be dispersed. Introduction Introduction This report will assess the increased demand for water resources as a result of its unavailability. Besides, the paper will also consider the solutions and recommendations for supplying water to all. Water is a valuable resource to humans and the world as a whole. If water resources continue to diminish, the environment will continue to experience the struggle of surviving since the environment, and forests particularly depend on water resources. Huge industrial demand for water, increased populations and agricultural demands for water increase the scarcity of water. Australia, for instance, is estimated to maintain its domestic water needs rise to 70 percent in the near future. Water Scarcity Water scarcity is a problem that is experienced all over the world. It is estimated that over a billion people are annually hit by water scarcity. The U.S. department of state puts a figure of 1.1 billion people who lack safe drinking water while 2.4 billion cannot access basic sanitation. Interestingly, â€Å"water scarcity also occurs in regions that contain freshwater and sufficient amounts rainfall† (Postel 85). This is because sufficiency of water supply depends on water conservation methods, distribution channels available in the community and the quality of water as stated by Postel (192). Besides, meeting the demand for household water use, farms, industry and the environment requires substantial conservation methods and timely distribution methods. It is estimated that one out of every three people on each continent of the globe is affected by water scarcity. As the world population grows the need for more water also increases. Besides, more urban cities are coming up, and urbanization increases the household and industrial consumption. 1.2 billion people across the globe live in areas where water is not present or is physically not available. This is a fifth of the world’s population.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fig. 1.1 (Tag Archive for ‘Water Scarcity’) Fig. 1.2 (BBC NEWS) As shown by the above figure, water scarcity is fast becoming a major challenge in developing countries where a quarter of the world population lives. This is due to â€Å"lack of proper technique of supplying water from sources such as rivers and aquifers to where it is needed most† (Berk 190). In places where water shortage is experienced, communities are forced to use unsafe drinking water for drinking and washing their clothes. Unsafe drinking water increases the chances of water borne diseases such as dysentery, cholera and typhoid fever being transmitted to humans. Furthermore, â€Å"water scarcity can lead to other diseases including trachoma, which is an eye infection that leads to blindness, plague and typhus† (Pereira and Lacovides 299). When people are faced with water scarcity, they institute measures to store water in their home. These measures can include using water tanks or sinking wells. This method leads to a breeding ground for mosquitoes – which are known ca rriers of malaria and dengue fever among others. In the face of all this problems associated with water scarcity, there arises a need to address the issue of water scarcity before it gets out of hand. Better water management policies ensure safety of the communities relying on the water as breeding grounds for insects are eliminated, hence a reduction in water borne diseases like the schistosomiasis which is a devastating illness.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Water Scarcity and its Effects on the Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Sherbinin (26) the shortage of water and agricultural production in poor urban settings utilizes waste water. More than 10% of the world’s population consumes foods that have been grown using waste water. These irrigated foods can contain harmful chemicals or disease-causing organisms. It may almost seem ironical to note that the world has enou gh water for everyone. However, the problem that leads to water shortage is poor distribution. â€Å"Water scarcity is a natural occurrence in some areas. However, in others areas it is a man-made phenomenon† (Sherbinin 26). Similarly, the world is endowed with sufficient water resource to cater for approximately 6 billion people. According to Pereira and Lacovidae 302) scarcity has contributed to uneven distribution channels, wastage. This is because of poor harvest and utilization strategies. Poor methods of handling the water resource have led to water Pollution. Hence, this has created a big challenge that threatening the ecosystem and human population. Types of Water Scarcity Physical Scarcity Physical scarcity of water is prevalent across the world. As the name suggests, access to water sources is physically limited. This happens when the demand for water surpasses the land’s capacity to provide the much-needed water. This form of deficiency is primarily associat ed with the dry parts of the world, including arid regions of the globe as clearly illustrated by the figure below. The northern part of Africa and some parts in Asia and Australia are the worst hit by this physical scarcity. However, we have some regions in the world which do not fall in the dry land category but have man-made physical scarcity. For instance, the Colorado River basin has been â€Å"over used causing physical water scarcity downstream† (Pereira and Lacovides 299). Thus, scarcity can also be attributed to over management of the river resources. Below is Figure 1.3 showing water scarcity distribution around the globe (BBC NEWS) Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economic Scarcity The most problematic type of water scarcity is economic water scarcity. This happens when no concrete measures are taken to ensure water availability. This situation persists largely due to lack of good governance, and lack of good will to change the situation. Therefore, economic scarcity is demonstrating the lack of resources in terms of funds or monetary benefit to utilize available sources of water. The sub-Saharan Africa falls under this model of economic water scarcity. Unequal water resource distribution is generally experienced in the Sub-Saharan due to several reasons. These reasons are tied to political and ethnic conflicts, which are a common occurrence in this part of the world. As shown in Fig 1.2 much of sub-Saharan Africa falls under economic water scarcity. However, Odgaard explains that in the presence of good governance mechanisms, this situation is manageable (140). In most cases, access to clean and safe water can be as simple as constructing sm all dams for communities to harvest rain water. Besides, the principal objective should be to provide relief for the already suffering communities. To ensure clean water is available to world population, water harvesting techniques should be developed. These need not be complicated as it may mean rain water collection from roof tops and construction of water storage tanks. Without question, this situation can be tackled with the construction effort from the local community, availability of funds and engineering. Water Scarcity in the U.S As highlighted earlier in this research paper, water shortage is a global concern that is affecting communities and the environment and threatens to affect many others if substantial measures are not taken to tackle the scarcity. However, it is difficult to compare the struggle of an African woman walking long distances in search of fresh water with water scarcity as experienced in the United States. The Colorado River is beginning to run dry in som e places; this sounds almost impossible considering the size of the river. Huge water bodies like Lake Mead found in Arizona may become obsolete. These are some of the dramatic changes that are facing the United States with regard to water scarcity. With this realization, more and more people are starting to connect with situations in dry regions of the globe. More so, the effects of water mismanagement are starting to be felt. Research indicates that Lake Mead may run dry by the year 2012. This is a serious issue considering the lake currently supplies up to 22 million people with water. Figure 1.4 shows Lake Mead’s receding water levels (KTAR). This is proof enough that water scarcity is not just a problem of people who never had water but rather a problem for all. Demand for more water and problems associated with pollution is contributing factor to water shortages. The daily demand for water means that the availability of the same will be affected in the future. Many pe ople may thirst in the future if the current trend of wasteful toilet flushes and showerheads are not minimized. Key Causes of Water Scarcity Water scarcity has been caused by increased demand. These demands can be categorized into five major contributors to water shortage. Firstly, industrial water consumption enhances their production has created a strain on water resources. Most industries require having sufficient water supplies in order to perform optimally and produce goods or services. Besides, most mining and oil industries use water in their operations. Thus, water scarcity makes these industries to be more susceptible to water shortages. Secondly, agricultural water needs for farms where there is unreliable rainfall create a huge demand for water, thus exerting more pressure on the already strained water resources. Fig. 1.5 (Links between population and fresh water) As the world population grows, more demand for water is experienced as illustrated by fig 1.4. The world po pulation recently hit 7 billion, and the figure could only mean that pressure to supply water for all is expected to rise. Consumer demand is closely linked to population growth as more and more households require water to maintain their households. Economic growth is a positive step towards improving the lives of people in a given community, but calls for the need to supply resources to fuel it. One of it is water; hence as more economic growth is experienced more demand for water is created. Suggested Solutions to Water Scarcity Environmentalists maintain that immediate solutions have to be devised. Low cost solutions come in handy. In China for instance, farmers are already making use of these inexpensive water conservation methods with great results (FFTC). However, â€Å"low cost solutions, for example, creating still water conservation may harm the population downstream† (Berk 190). Therefore, it is important for the conservation efforts to involve everyone to provide a n amicable solution for all. Fig. 1.6 showing the global water usage (Umwelt Bundes Amt) Conclusion In order to ensure water scarcity is effectively tackled, total commitment to set targets and solutions is required. Figure 1.5 clearly indicates that the demand for water is rising, and as a matter of urgency, conservation efforts will bear fruit if every one of us realizes that they have a role to play. Constant assessment of the strategies governing water bodies and their utilization will ensure that positive progress is achieved. Though much effort has been focused on water conservation, its use and proper management should be emphasized as it will ensure clean water service delivery for us and generations to come. Moreover, focus on climate changes and environmental degradation should also be improved, and a positive environmental culture encouraged. Works Cited BBC NEWS. Map Details, Global Water Stress. 2006. Web. Berk, Richard. Water Shortage: Lessons in Conservation from the Great California Drought. Halifax: Abt Books, 1981. Print. FFTC. Irrigation Management in Rice-Based Cropping Systems: Issues and Challenges in Southeast Asia.† 1998. Web. KTAR. As Lake Meads Drops, Water Concerns Rise. 2010. Web. Links between Population and Fresh Water. Population Growth and Water. 1996. Web. Odgaard, Rie. Conflicts over land water in Africa. Michigan: MSU Press, 2007. Print. Pereira, Cordery and Lacovides. Coping With Water Scarcity, Addressing the Challenges.  New York: Springer, 2009. Print. Postel, Sandra. The Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity. Oxford: Earthscan, 1992. Print. Sherbinin, Alex. Water and Population Dynamics: Local Approaches to a Global Challenge.  Montreal: IUCN, 2009. Print. Tag Archive for ‘Water Scarcity’. â€Å"Hydro-diplomacy† Needed to Avert Arab Water Wars. 2011. Web. Umwelt Bundes Amt. Exhibitions from the Umwelt bundes amt (Federal Environment Agency). 2010. Web. This research paper on Water Scarcity and its Effects on the Environment was written and submitted by user Seth Sherman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

William T Love

When William T Love first envisioned Model City, how could he have suspected the twists of fate that would turn his vision into a chemical disaster area that would grab the attention of the nation and bring suffering upon the people living around it? The engineers at Hooker Chemicals had some idea of the toxic melting pot that was fermenting when they strongly recommended that the site was not suitable for inhabitation. But apparently city planners did not realize what they were doing when they built a school and community on top of the buried dump of brewing chemicals puncturing the already poor containment walls and spreading the chemicals throughout the surrounding area. The pandemonium that broke out when residents finally discovered what was oozing out of the ground perked the attention of the attention of the nation and brought home dangerous effects that toxic chemicals can have on humans. As with any large-scale disaster there is no one villain, but instead a procession of events that led to the climax of the disaster in August 1978. In the late 1800s the potential use of hydroelectric power in conjunction with the Niagara Escarpment came to the forefront. In the early 1880s, William T. Love envisioned a city, Model City (p. 9, Love Canal), that would attract industry through the distribution of free power. To this end, Love planned to build a canal to divert water from the Niagara River to his power plant. Through powers of persuasion and political influence, Love was able to condemn properties and divert as much water as needed to commence the project. In the mid 1890s, after ground had been broken for industry, housing, and with construction underway on the canal, investors began to pull out of the project due to economic depression. About this time Tesla discovered a method to transmit electrical power using alternating current. This made it less essential for industry to be l...

Hypothetical Case Study Of Childhood Sexual Abuse Social Work Essay Example

Hypothetical Case Study Of Childhood Sexual Abuse Social Work Essay Example Hypothetical Case Study Of Childhood Sexual Abuse Social Work Essay Hypothetical Case Study Of Childhood Sexual Abuse Social Work Essay Covering with a instance of kid sexual maltreatments such as Melissas, demands a batch of attempt. There is a enticement to react to the kid with compassion. However, to turn to the issue of sexual maltreatment, one must make something more than attention deeply. Before one can sufficiently measure or handle a sexually abused kid, it is critical to hold a solid cognition of how sexual maltreatment and how it happens, the inauspicious impacts of the maltreatment on the kid, relationship and behavioural jobs of the kid caused by the maltreatment. In this instance it is of import to study development of childhood in a normal manner, and see how it differs from development jobs seen in the kids who have undergone child maltreatment. Prior to originating a program of intervention, it is critical to hold cognition of why sexual maltreatment occurred in a peculiar scenario. Discussion Trauma appraisal should besides be done before intervention. Trauma appraisal is an attack used to grok the effects of sexual maltreatment on the kid and to look into the extent of injury. It helps one step the kid s positions of the the past and current effects of the maltreatment. However, Trauma appraisal does non seek to unclutter up jobs, but instead to cognize the impact of maltreatment on the kid, comprehend the harm, and think of the intervention needed. Assessment is a route map for intervention. Because of its insouciant format, it will assist to construct common apprehension with the kid as one collects of import information. It is critical to see the undermentioned issues while taking the appraisal, as these will hold an influence the intervention determinations: What is the connexion of the victim to the maltreater? What is the degree of stableness in the household that the kid comes from? What are the hazard factors involved, Should the kid still remain with the household or move? , what function is the tribunal playing in the instance? Finally, to come up with the applicable intervention program, the appraisal must analyze all developmental issues, measure societal countries and measure behaviour in conformity with what is at that place in normal development. Therapy based on this rating will turn to the kid s demands one at a clip. Treatment is the processs of helping the kid learn to distinguish between her healthy and destructive header ability ( Flaherty et al, 2006 ) . Choosing the manner of intervention will depend on the ends for the kid developed from the assessment study, the coordination between the aim and service being thought of, and the kid s penchant and likeliness of taking portion in and net income from the intervention that is offered. In rule, effectual intervention will cut down the badness of symptoms and protect against suspended start of emotional upsets. Osmond and co-workers, explain intervention ends as affecting: Leting safe release of the feelings, Get the better ofing negative and suicidal behaviour, Helping the kid to understand the portion of her thought that has been affected by maltreatment and besides assisting her correct those deformations, helping the kid to get the better of self-blame and hatred, Helping the kid to construct in herself sense of trust and have a hereafter that is positive. Guaranting the kid achieve a sense of position about the maltreatment and to hold the emotional infinite necessary to maintain the torment from aching her in the hereafter Intervention program Therapy of child sexual maltreatment is an luxuriant process. Emotionally, it stimulates you to stay indifferent the center of a extremely charged instance. Intellectually, it requires that you have the cognition of the impacts of maltreatment on both the kid and the household, and besides the beginnings of the job. Practically, it demands that one collaborates with assorted professionals in the attempts to make what s best for the sexually abused kid In Melissa s instance the most appropriate program of intercession would utilize is trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy. Trauma focused cognitive therapy is grounded on the theory where it is explained that traumatic events conveying out stuffs that are hard for the kid to group, kind out and put it into their prevalent strategy ( English et Al, 2004 ) . On cases when the kid may non wholly understand a traumatic event, the emotions which are normally strong that come from the traumatic event are unprocessed. When the kid tries to treat that information ; facts are either distorted to suit in the kingdom of what is already known or understood or may falsify the beliefs to associate together the unrefined stuff into their prevalent strategy. Both are bad since they lead to guilt and dishonor and besides self incrimination. To counter act this, the kid should be shown how to work on confounding emotions and hence correct maladaptive beliefs. Proof is demoing that trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy is a successful intervention for kids who are sexually abused, and besides those who have got experiences of multiple traumatic events of other signifiers. Most of the enquiries that have examined TF-CBT have been designed decently. This intervention theoretical account stands for a combination of trauma intercessions and established cognitive behavioural therapy guidelines. The Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy was brought in by groups of research workers who jointly in the recent yesteryear worked together to administrate multisite, treatment-outcome scrutinies for the sexually abused, traumatized kids. The intervention was initiated to give replies to posttraumatic emphasis upset, depressive and besides anxiousness symptoms. It was besides to cover with cardinal distorted positions on faulting oneself, security and trusting of other people. The therapy is besides utile in covering with sexual maltreatment and other traumatic cases into a wider context of kids s lives so that their individuality is non like that of a victim. Core elements of TF-CBT are ; Psycho instruction about child sexual maltreatment, here the victim is learns the effects of the injury as a whole physically, sexually, and emotionally and the common childhood neutralization to mistreat.for illustration in the instance of Melissa whereby her sense of ego may be altered. Feelingss, the invasive and besides the intrusive temperament of the sexual activity affect the kid s self-esteem negatively.The impact is both in the physical, whereby kids have a deformed sense of their organic structures, and psychologically, kid sees herself as variably different from her equals The undertaking here is let Melissa understand that it is normal to experience that manner after maltreatment but besides to do her feel whole and good about herself once more. The 2nd constituent of TF-CBT is the trauma narrative and gradual exposure technique whereby the kid explains the traumatic event in my instance Melissa. This improves bit by bit until Melissa is able to comfortably talk about the event in inside informations. This desensitizes the event and rubs off the stigma that is so normally linked with child maltreatment. The terminal end is for the Melissa to be in a place to discourse the straitening experience with no negative feelings. In that consequence she is desensitized to the event. This will be accomplished by allowing Melissa work her ain manner into the full revelation easy and methodically. At the terminal of therapy the purpose is to enable Melissa to speak comfortably about her maltreatment. The following constituent is cognitive reframing whereby Melissa should speak out the inaccurate feelings of the distressful event and she should be taught why those feelings are inaccurate for illustration ego incrimination whereby Melissa may be faulting herself for holding spoken out and hence experiencing guilty, and distorted sense of ego and low self-pride because of the sexual maltreatment, and frights and anxiousness. Melissa needs to be helped to understand intellectually and accept emotionally that she was non responsible. Her female parent s male child friend Tony sexually abused her ; she did non sexually abuse him. It was his occupation non hers to forestall the maltreatment. This is done by learning the connexion between ideas, feelings and the manner a kid behaves. Melissa will be taught how feelings and the behaviour connect and how she can command or wholly change those ideas and feelings to her advantage. The 4th constituent is the stress direction technique whereby Melissa will be taught different emphasis direction technique, such as the capacity to command her ideas. The kid will larn that she is capable of commanding her automatic physical reaction. This will assist cut down her torment. The other constituent is that of safety preparation whereby Melissa will be taught how to avoid victimization. She will larn how to cognize ruddy flags that indicate a bad state of affairs. The kid will besides be taught who to turn to if she finds herself in a slippery state of affairs. The kid will be taught to distinguish between decent and indecent touch and what to make in instance of an inappropriate touch. Parental engagement is the last constituent whereby Melissa s female parent Asher will take part in analogue or concurrence with her kid s therapy. A few parent-child articulation Sessionss are conducted in order to suit communicating in the household on issues like sexual maltreatment. Therapy of interfamilial maltreatment that ends in successful reunion of members of the household is based on the female parent s relationship with the kid. This may turn out to be a hard relationship particularly at the clip of revelation merely like when Asher. The wrongdoer in this instance Tony may hold got in uses that have separated the female parent and Melissa from one another. Melissa developed behaviours that were debatable because of the maltreatment, which damaged her relationship with the female parent. The mother-victim relationship will be enhanced by helping the Asher to develop empathy for the Melissa ; by easing their communicating ; Initial work will be done in personal therapy with the female parent, and so subsequently with both the female parent and kid. Enhancing the female parent and kid relationship is by and large an of import issue in assisting the female parent to protect her girl in future. Intervention to do the Asher as the female parent more protective can be implemented in different ways. When the female parent has a good relationship with her girl, she will be inclined to forestall the kid from any injury. Treatment to heighten the mother-child relationship and will make the chance that the kid will speak out to the female parent. Furthermore kid and the female parent relationship is to promote communicating freely specifically about the kid s safety. Mothers must besides cover with assorted issues connected to the present operation and past experiences in intervention. A common issue sing present operation is low self-esteem. Other issues to be addressed are experiences of force, dependence, and emotional jobs, in order to help the female parent in taking attention of her girl. In past injury country the common issue is holding been sexually abused themselves. Such an experience has effects in the manner a female parent s trades with her ain kid s sexual maltreatment ( De Bellis A ; Thomas, 2003 ) . The female parent may be so affected by her of her ain maltreatment and non be in a place to cover with her kid s. In such cases like the instance of Asher, her ain maltreatment has to be sorted out foremost. Her being a victim hinders her ability to spot hazardous state of affairss, and besides her picks of spouses ; hence she plays a function in her taking a spouse who goes sexual her kid. With increased rates of divorce, more kids are acquiring at greater hazard.Mothers, in their tests to happen a spouse, may unwittingly be puting their kids at hazard of sexual maltreatment from the work forces they day of the month merely like the instance of Melissa and Asher. When the female parent remarries or moves in with her spouse, harmonizing to a research done by Russell, the stepdaughters are more than eight times higher in hazard of being abused sexually by their stepfathers who stay with them than are girls who are taken attention of by their existent male parents. Harmonizing to Finkelhor ( 1986 ) , Some research workers have already started to theorize, that it could be a instance that more stepfathers are progressively going smart pedophiles In that they marry individual adult females with households as a method of acquiring near to the childrenaa‚Â ¬A? ( pg34 ) . Decision In decision the issue of child sexual maltreatment is really critical in our society today and needs to be addressed keenly.

Analysis of Impeachment Trails Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Impeachment Trails - Essay Example reflect negatively on the integrity of the US government while at the same time, taking no action will be taken as a laxity which would affect trust and relationships as well as granting the future holders of this office chance to abuse their powers (Stadelmann, 2011). The most unethical of the three cases is the Nixon’s case with the Watergate issue where he covered up and refused to hand over evidence of the Watergate affair which would have shown that his re-election committee burglarized the headquarters of Democrats party office headquarters. He used his powers to misuse the CIA, conduct illegal wiretapping, perjury and obstructed justice. Lucky for him he resigned before he was impeached. This is closely followed by Clinton case. His sexual encounters were not what led to his impeachment by the Congress but rather his perjury and abuse of office. He was a lawyer to begin with and he knew that lying under oath was the worst mistake that can be done through any trial. Lastly is Andrew Johnson’s case where immediately after the Tenure of Office Act was enacted in 1867 and whose aim was to prohibit presidents from removing from office holders without approval from the Senate, he still went ahead and tried to remove the Secretary of War Stanton. He then went ahead and criticized Congress in loud voices on top of using his office to abuse powers (Gerhardt, 2000). On Clinton, the ethical charge would be conducting misconduct by having sexual relations in office which amounts to extra marital affairs and lying about it even after having video evidence of the misconduct. As for the Andrew Johnson, the ethical charge would be abuse of power and going against the laws of the land which he is supposed to be on the forefront of protecting. When it comes to Nixon, there are several ethical charges the first being perjury, abuse of his power as a president and involving the CIA in crime as well as misconduct in office by harbouring criminals and refusing to cooperate

Planning and Instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Planning and Instruction - Essay Example We then move to establish the instructional materials needed and finally the elements of lesson plans and the adaptations that a mentor has to make in consideration of some diversities, differences, quirks and other ‘otherness’ in some students.Prior to the conclusion, we defend the thesis â€Å"effective planning is a crucial component of effective teaching. For any endeavour, whether it be singing, acting, surgical operation, building construction, manufacturing, child rearing, delivery of religious sermon or any speech for that matter, the degree of effectivity in what you propose to do hinges on the amount and intensity of preparations and planning. In the field of education, the teacher’s proficiency to impart knowledge to his or her pupils also depends on how she or he is prepared to open the minds of her students and pour in precious knowledge to their intellects. The degree of planning and preparations vary depending on the intellectual capacities, the cultural background, the attitudes and beliefs, the aptitudes, the interests, the maturity, the ethnic background, language proficiency, health, presence of disabilities whether physical or mental, socio-economic background, determination, ambitions or the lack of it and the individual needs of the students. A lesson plan is a teacher’s road map to achieving his or her objectives. Prior to immersing herself or himself to his vocation to teach, the teacher must have definite objectives. Without such, the teacher is directionless, without pep and energy and motivation to teach and figuratively ‘blind’ at the outset. As they say, a blind man cannot lead other blind men. The worst objective that an educator may have is to earn and amass money from such vocation. Here in this case, teaching is no longer a vocation because vocation presumes the existence of the elements of suffering, labor and compassion (Spitzmueller &

Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid Essay Example for Free

Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid Essay Professor C. K. Prahalad’s seminal publication, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, suggests an enormous market at the â€Å"bottom of the pyramid† (BOP)—a group of some 4 billion people who subsist on less than $2 a day. By some estimates, these â€Å"aspirational poor,† who make up three-fourths of the world’s population, represent $14 trillion in purchasing power, more than Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, and Japan put together. Demographically, it is young and growing at 6 percent a year or more. Traditionally, the poor have not been considered an important market segment. â€Å"The poor can’t afford most products†; â€Å"they will not accept new technologies†; and â€Å"except for the most basic products, they have little or no use for most products sold to higher income market segments†Ã¢â‚¬â€these are some of the assumptions that have, until recently, caused most multinational firms to pay little or no attention to those at the bottom of the pyramid. Typical market analysis is limited to urban areas, thereby ignoring rural villages where, in markets like India, the majority of the population lives. However, as major markets become more competitive and in some cases saturated—with the resulting ever-thinning profit margins— marketing to the bottom of the pyramid may have real potential and be worthy of exploration. One researcher suggested that American and European businesses should go back and look at their own roots. Sears, Roebuck was created to serve the lower-income, sparsely settled rural market. Singer sewing machines fashioned a scheme to make consumption possible by allowing customers to pay $5 a month instead of $100 at once. The world’s largest company today, Walmart, was created to serve the lower-income market. Here are a few examples of multinational company efforts to overcome the challenges in marketing to the BOP. Designing products for the BOP is not about making cheap  stuff but about making technologically advanced products affordable. For example, one company was inspired to invent the Freeplay, a windup self-power–generating radio, when it learned that isolated, impoverished people in South Africa were not getting information about AIDS because they  had no electricity for radios and could not afford replacement batteries. BOP MARKETING REQUIRES ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY The BOP market has a need for advanced technology, but to  be usable, infrastructure support must often accompany the  technology. For example, ITC, a $2.6 billion a year Indian conglomerate, decided to create a network of PC kiosks in villages. For years, ITC conducted its business with farmers through a maze of intermediaries, from brokers to traders. The company wanted farmers to be able to connect directly to information sources to check ITC’s offer price for produce, as well as prices in the closest village market, in the state capital, and on the Chicago commodities exchange. With direct access to information, farmers got the best price for their product, hordes of  intermediaries were bypassed, and ITC gained a direct contact with the farmers, thus improving the efficiency of ITC’s soybean acquisition. To achieve this goal, it had to do much more than just distribute PCs. It had to provide equipment for managing power outages, solar panels for extra electricity, and a satellite-based telephone hookup, and it had to train farmers to use the PCs. Without these steps, the PCs would never have worked. The complex solution serves ITC very well. Now more  than 10,000 villages and more than 1 million farmers are covered by its system. ITC is able to pay more to farmers and at the same time cut its costs because it has dramatically reduced the inefficiencies in logistics. The vast market for cell phones among those at the BOP is  not for phones costing $200 or even $100 but for phones costing less than $50. Such a phone cannot simply be a cut-down version of an existing handset. It must be very reliable and have lots of battery capacity, as it will be used by people who do not have reliable access to electricity. Motorola went thorough four redesigns to develop a low-cost cell phone with  battery life as long as 500 hours for villagers without regular electricity and an extra-loud volume for use in noisy markets. Motorola’s low-cost phone, a no-frills cell phone priced at $40, has a standby time of two weeks and conforms to local languages and customs. The cell-phone manufacturer says it expects to sell 6 million cell phones in six months in markets including China, India, and  Turkey. BOP MARKETING REQUIRES CREATIVE FINANCING There is also demand for personal computers but again, at very low prices. To meet the needs of this market, Advanced Micro Devices markets a $185 Personal Internet communicator—a basic computer for developing countries—and a Taiwan Company offers a similar device costing just $100. For most products, demand is contingent on the customer  having sufficient purchasing power. Companies have to devise creative ways to assist those at the BOP to finance larger purchases. For example, Cemex, the world’s third-largest cement company, recognized an opportunity for profit by enabling  lower-income Mexicans to build their own homes. The company’s Patrimonio Hoy Programme, a combination builder’s â€Å"club† and financing plan that targets homeowners who make less than $5 a day, markets building kits using its premiumgrade cement. It recruited 510 promoters to persuade new customers to commit to building additions to their homes. The customers paid Cemex $11.50 a week and received building  materials every 10 weeks until the room was finished (about  70 weeks—customers were on their own for the actual building). Although poor, 99.6 percent of the 150,000 Patrimonio Hoy participants have paid their bills in full. Patrimonio Hoy at tracted 42,000 new customers and is expected to turn a $1.5 million profit next year. 8/27/10 2:14 PM Cases 3 Assessing Global Market Opportunities One customer, Diega Chavero, thought the scheme was a scam  when she first heard of it, but after eight years of being unable to save enough to expand the one-room home where her family of six lived, she was willing to try anything. Four years later, she has five bedrooms. â€Å"Now I have a palace.† Another deterrent to the development of small enterprises at the BOP is available sources of adequate financing for microdistributors and budding entrepreneurs. For years, those at the bottom of the pyramid needing loans in India had to depend on local moneylenders, at interest rates up to 500 percent a year. ICICI Bank, the second-largest banking institution in India, saw these people as a potential market and critical to its future. To convert them into customers in a cost-effective way, ICICI turned to village self-help groups. ICICI Bank met with microfinance-aid groups working with  the poor and decided to give them capital to start making small loans to the poor—at rates that run from 10 percent to 30 percent. This sounds usurious, but it is lower than the 10 percent daily rate that some Indian loan sharks charge. Each group was composed of 20 women who were taught about saving, borrowing, investing, and so on. Each woman contributes to a joint savings account with the other members, and based on the self-help group’s track record of savings, the bank then lends money to the group, which in turn lends money to its individual members. ICICI has developed 10,000 of these groups reaching 200,000 women. ICICI’s money has helped 1 million households get loans that average $120 to $140. The bank’s executive directory says the venture has been â€Å"very profitable.† ICICI is working with local communities and NGOs to enlarge its reach. BOP MARKETING REQUIRES EFFECTIVE DISTRIBUTION When Unilever saw that dozens of agencies were lending microcredit loans  funds to poor women all over India, it thought that these would-be microentrepreneurs needed businesses to run. Unilever realized it could not sell to the bottom of the pyramid unless it found low-cost ways to distribute its product, so it created a network of hundreds of thousands of Shakti Amma (â€Å"empowered mothers†) who sell Lever’s products in their villages through an Indian version of Tupperware parties. Start-up loans enabled the women to buy stocks of goods to sell to local villagers. In one case, a woman who received a small loan was able to repay her start-up loan and has not needed to take another one. She now sells regularly to about 50 homes and even serves as a miniwholesaler, stocking tiny shops in outlying villages a short bus ride from her own. She sells about 10,000 rupees ($230) of goods each month, keeps about $26 profit, and ploughs the rest back into new stock. While the $26 a month she earns is less than the average $40 monthly income in the area, she now has income, whereas before she had nothing. Today about 1,300 poor women are selling Unilever’s products in 50,000 villages in 12 states in India and account for about 15 percent of the company’s rural sales in those states. Overall, rural markets account for about 30 percent of the company’s revenue. In another example, Nguyen Van Hon operates a floating sundries distributorship along the Ke Sat River in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta—a maze of rivers and canals dotted with villages. His boat is filled with boxes containing small bars of Lifebuoy soap and  single-use sachets of Sunsilk shampoo and Omo laundry detergent, which he sells to riverside shopkeepers for as little as 2.5 cents each. At his first stop he makes deliveries to a half dozen small shops. He sells hundred of thousands of soap and shampoo packets a month, enough to earn about $125—five times his previous monthly salary as a junior Communist party official. â€Å"It’s a hard life, but its getting better.† Now, he â€Å"has enough to pay his daughter’s schools fees and soon . . . will have saved enough to buy  a bigger boat, so I can sell to more villages.† Because of aggressive efforts to reach remote parts of the country through an extensive network of more than 100,000 independent sales  representatives such as Hon, the Vietnam subsidiary of Unilever realized a 23 percent increase in sales last year to more than $300 million. BOP MARKETING REQUIRES AFFORDABLE PACKAGING As one observer noted, â€Å"the poor cannot be Walmartized.† Consumers in rich nations use money to stockpile convenience. We go to Sam’s Club, Costco, Kmart, and so on, to get bargain prices and the convenience of buying shampoos and paper towels by the case. Selling to the poor requires just the opposite approach. They do not have the cash to stockpile convenience, and they do not mind frequent trips to the village store. Products have to be made available locally and in affordable units; fully 60 percent of the value of all shampoo sold in India is in single-serve packets. Nestlà © is targeting China with a blitz of 29 new ice cream  brands, many selling for as little as 12 cents with take-home and multipack products ranging from 72 cents to $2.30. It also features products specially designed for local tastes and preferences of Chinese consumers, such as Nestlà © Snow Moji, a rice pastry filled with vanilla ice cream that resembles dim sum, and other ice cream flavors like red bean and green tea. The ice cream products are distributed through a group of small independent saleswomen, which the company aims to expand to 4,000 women  by next year. The project is expected to account for as much as 24 percent of the company’s total rural sales within the next few years. BOP MARKETING CREATES  HEALTH BENEFITS Albeit a promotion to sell products, marketing to BOP does help improve personal hygiene. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that diarrhea-related diseases kill 1.8 million people a year and noted that  better hand-washing habits—using soap—is one way to prevent their spread. In response to WHO urging, Hindustan Lever Company introduced a campaign called â€Å"Swasthya Chetna† or â€Å"Glowing Health,† which argues that even cleanlooking hands may carry dangerous germs, so use more soap. It began a concentrated effort to take this message into the tens of thousands of villages where the rural poor reside, often with little access to media. â€Å"Lifebuoy teams visit each village several times,† using a â€Å"Glo Germ† kit to show schoolchildren that soap-washed hands are cleaner. This program has reached â€Å"around 80 million rural folk,† and sales of Lifebuoy in small affordable sizes have risen sharply. The small bar has become the brand’s top seller.

Analysis Of A Vapor Power Plant :: essays research papers

Analysis of A Vapor Power Plant The objective of this study is to construct a computer model of a water vapor power plant. This model will be used to calculate the state properties at all points within the cycle. Included is an analysis of the ideal extraction pressures based on the calculated values of net work, energy input, thermal efficiency, moisture content, and effectiveness. 4.0 Body 4.1 Introduction System to be Analyzed Steam enters the first turbine stage at 120 bar, 520  °C and expands in three stages to the condenser pressure of .06 bar. Between the first and second stage, some steam is diverted to a closed feedwater heater at P1, with saturated liquid condensate being pumped ahead into the boiler feedwater line. The Terminal Temperature Difference of the feedwater heater is 5 °C. The rest of the steam is reheated to 500 °C, and then enters the second stage of expansion. Part of the steam is extracted between the second and third stages at P2 and fed into an open feedwater heater operating at that pressure. Saturated liquid at P2 leaves the open feedwater heater. The efficiencies of all pumps are 80%, and the efficiencies of all turbines are 85%. Throughout this report the states will be referenced as depicted above with the numbers 1-13. The analysis of the system will involve the use of the Energy Rate Balance to isolate the specific enthalpies and associated values of temperature, pressure, specific volume, and steam quality. The Entropy balance equation will be used to calculate the specific entropy at all the above noted states. Energy Rate Balance (assume KE&PE=0) dEcv/dt = Qcv-Wcv+Smi(hi) - Sme(he) Entropy Rate Balance dScv/dt = SQj/Tj + Smi(si) - Sme(se) + scv For simplicity, it is assumed in all calculations that kinetic and potential energy have a negligible effect. It is also assumed that each component in the cycle is analyzed as a control volume at steady state; and that each control volume suffers from no stray heat transfer from any component to its surroundings. The steam quality at the turbine exits will also be constrained to values greater than or equal to 90% (Moran, 337). 4.2 Code Development The C program "finalproject.c ² was developed to calculate the state values given the constraints listed in section 4.1. The program structure consists of three parts: Header/variable declaration Calculation section Data Report section The Header section includes all the variable declarations, functions to include and system definitions. To obtain accurate data values, this program uses floating point values. The Calculation section is the function that is used to calculate all the state values. In essence this section consists of two nested while()

Boston Beer HBS Case

Disadvantages of an PIP The company will face underwriting costs associated with the PIP. A failed PIP could be costly both in financial assets and in firm reputation. Complying with regulatory reporting standards will create additional costs that are not present in a private company. Incorporating the company may have negative tax implications for the current owners. Current shareholders who do not exit during the PIP will face severe dilution. Management control will decrease because of fiduciary duties to shareholders. This could conflict with the company's product quality processes and result in a shift toward a short-term earnings focus.Conclusion Although their contract brewing model reduces expected capital expenditures, their labor and marketing intensive sales strategy will require substantial spending to expand into new markets. To meet projected growth, external funds will be needed. Raising these funds entirely from debt would create an unacceptable level of debt for a st ill growing company; thus equity funding is the preferred option. The company has reached a maturity point where equity can more easily and cheaply raised in public capital markets rather than through venture or private equity firms.Additionally, publicity room the PIP will help with brand recognition in new markets. Given the recent success of competitor Ipso and Boston Beer's profit margin and growth potential, the risk of a failed PIP is minimal, and most current shareholders intend to sell shares in the PIP reducing dilution concerns. Boston Beer should proceed with the PIP. Question 3-5 (Exhibit 3)– – 1995 Pro Formal Net Sales: All pro formal sales rely upon the assumption that net sales as of September 30, 1 995 represent 75% of expected year-end revenue.Because the firm's PIP will most likely have a more positive impact on Q sales than his estimate projects, if anything, the prices generated by our models are underestimated, not overestimated. Cost of Debt: BBC explains in its prospectus intent to extinguish outstanding debt carrying interest rates upwards of 1 1 . 5%. Based upon the firm's low target leverage of 5%, low degree of operating leverage, and favorable credit history and financial outlook, the model assumes a cost of debt in line with AAA corporate debt at 7. 2%. This estimate seems reasonable and sensitivity analysis shows a 1% decrease in the forecasted share price requires at least a 2. % increase in the cost of debt. Risk Free Rate: The six-month and 30-year treasury rates given imply a fairly flat yield curve. Due to the relatively short forecast period and the short-term risk characteristics of this industry, the model uses the six- month rate as the risk free rate in calculating the cost of equity. 995 Net Working Capital Requirement: In order to calculate the change in NC over 1 996, the model assumes sass's year-end NC is composed of the existing September 30, 1 995 balance plus Of fourth quarter net sales due to the f irm's rationalization strategy. CAP: Historical analysis shows an average 3. 3% capital intensity ratio. Based on a likely decrease in efficiency due to rapid expansion, the model forecasts a 3% capital intensity ratio–this includes restricted investments (Exhibit 1).Depreciation: Depreciation was not included in the calculation of free cash flows because net CAP was used. 1995 Value of Debt: Boston Beer's debt is private, so the market value will be very similar to, if not exactly the same as, its book value. – –Question The underwriting prospectus for the PIP suggests a share price of $12. 50 per hare, which is the starting point for analyzing the different scenarios. In order to determine the scenario that was most realistic, we attempted to rule out the ones that were not and a summary of our analysis is found in Exhibit 4. 1) First we analyzed the information asymmetry in the PIP. The offering presents information about almost 1. 5 million shares offered in the PIP from current stockholders. It is unlikely that management are willing to offer shares at $12. 50 if the fair market value really is $29 per share, thus weakening the belief in the second scenario. 2) Analysts' expectations and comparable metrics. Analysts are generally very positive in regards to the Craft Brewing Segment, expecting continued growth in 1995.A conservative market share estimate of 5% of the total domestic beer market by 2000 compared to only 1. 4% in 1994. In addition, both Pet?s Brewing Company and Redbook Ale Brewery have recently completed successful Pip's resulting in growing share prices. These factors both build up expectations for Bib's upcoming PIP and are likely to be incorporated in Bib's PIP price. This might mean that BBC will be trading at a slight expectation premium above what the fair value of the company is, thus strengthening the reliability of the first scenario with a stock price of $12. 3. In addition, by comparing PIE ratios of Pet's Br ewing Company, 1 00, and Redbook Ale Brewery, 36, with BBC for the three different scenarios weakens the third scenario because of an implied PIE ratio of 17. 9, which is below both of the two comparable companies. The first scenario giving an implied P/E ratio of 41. 9 and the second scenario showing an implied PIE ratio of 99. 9 are tooth around the two competitors' PIE ratios, strengthening the plausibility of these scenarios when looking at the P/E ratio isolated. 3) We also used industry growth trends to compare the expected sales of BBC in 2000, considering a constant market share, to the 2000 sales forecasted in each scenario. The results allowed us to rule out the third scenario because the sales forecasted in 2000 are less than half of what we would expect with conservative assumptions of the craft industry growth. The other two scenarios were fairly close to the expected revenues in 2000. 4) The second scenario was ruled out when analyzing the growth trends of BBC in recen t years.BBC has already undergone rapid growth and we expect that high growth phase to taper Off sooner rather than later. Ten more years Of high growth is unreasonable and unrealistic. Lastly, the second scenario can be ruled out again when looking at revenues projected for 2006. If the craft brewing industry grew to ten percent of the total domestic beer market by 2006, which is an aggressive assumption, then BBC would have to double its current percentage of market share in the craft industry. We also find that assumption fairly unreasonable due to the competitive nature of the craft industry now and into the future.

Educating Rita †the Consequence of Change Essay

Belonging implies change, and change rarely comes without consequence. The progression to belong into a now culture or place may be physical, emotional or mental. Rita, driven by feeling inadequate is the main character in Willy Russell’s play, Educating Rita. She achieves a successful move into her new world. However, she must overcome change which will come at a personal cost. Throughout the play Willy Russell depicts many themes; these include relationships, choice and consequence, social class and change. These themes are constantly seen in â€Å"good will hunting†, directed by Gus Van Sant. Staring Matt Damon who plays â€Å"will hunting†, an abused foster child, he subconsciously blames himself for his unhappy upbringing and turns this self-loathing into a form of self-sabotage in both his professional and emotional life. The story is about his challenge to break from his working-class culture and move on. However, he will face many changes through-out his quest to belong. Relationships can mould or trigger change, and change is seen throughout Educating Rita. Rita embarks on an Open University course as she wants more out of her life. Rita see’s education as an exit route from her current life, she is â€Å"out of step† with her husband, family and friends – Rita wants to â€Å"discover [herself] first†, before wanting to compensate with having a child with Denny. Denny’s obsession of one day settling down with a family leads to the later divorce and failure of their marriage. Rita’s initial depiction of Denny towards Frank was that Denny â€Å"was blind†, Rita differentiates herself by stating that â€Å"[she ] wants to see†. Denny does not understand nor is willing to negotiate or communicate with Rita throughout act one, Denny’s aggressive behaviour leads to the savage action of burning her books, in scene five, and later Rita’s moving out of the house. This change was a consequence of Rita’s action to educate herself, despite Rita’s suffering she is still sympathetic and forgiving towards Denny, this is reinforced by Rita describing where â€Å"the girl he married has gone too† and she later states â€Å"he said I’d betrayed him. I suppose I had†. Throughout act one the audience is accounted for the growing bond between Rita and Frank. In act one scene one the stuck door is a metaphor for the effort required to change. Rita is confronted by a physical barrier which she would later overcome. Rita’s relationship with Frank develops throughout the play, she is uncomfortable in the first scene of act one, as she is unfamiliar with her surroundings. Rita’s discomfort is depicted through her agile talking, swearing and her constant moving about, this is evident through scene one as Rita feels â€Å"nervous† as she was â€Å"testing† frank. Rita is initially physically separated from Frank; there is an intangible barrier between Rita and Frank. However, this is quickly diminished as their relationship develops, this is evident as throughout the play, Rita starts to become less nervous and starts to sit down next to Frank, Rita stops â€Å"talking at† Frank and starts â€Å"talking [with]† him. Despite Rita’s lost relationship with Denny and a growing bond with Frank, Rita is still definitely torn between two worlds, this is evident through act one scene seven where Rita states that she is a â€Å"half-cast†. Rita’s experience in London at summer school is significant as this is the beginning of a new Rita , however , it is also the beginning of a drift in Rita’s and Franks relationship. She is able to gain confidence to talk â€Å"sophisticatedly†, this boost in confidence gave her the courage to talk and meet new friends, creating a new circle of friends for Rita. This means Rita is less dependent of Frank; this is evident through her late appearances to their tutorials or not attending at all. Frank confronts Rita complaining â€Å"†¦ that there was a time when you told me everything†. Franks view of Rita changes as the play progresses, Frank is disenchanted with Rita’s transformation under the influence of Trish and Tyler. Rita, for her part, has lost her initial respect towards Frank, this is evident as Frank is constantly drinking and smoking, whereby Rita is trying to keep clean and â€Å"change for the better†. Relationships encounter difficulties which make it harder to belong; however, the nature of relationships alters due to the individual’s choices and the consequences which follow as a result. Rita’s motivations in moving into the world are to achieve some sort of choice about the direction her life will follow. Rita does not want to follow her working-class path of blindness; instead she wants to achieve an education so that she is prone to more informed choices. Rita’s choice to enrol in an Open University course is the first stage of choices; this choice was subsequently looked down upon by Denny. However, even though Rita enrolled to the course she is faced with the consequences of both Denny and actually completing the course, even after she was accepted to the course she was compensating to â€Å"pack the course in†, coming very close to doing that in act one scene seven. However, the sight of her mother’s disappointment of not â€Å"singing a different song† is evidence of her unhappiness towards the culture. This scene is the ultimatum Rita is faced with, she is forced to make a decision between her working class and the middle class, as she is nether belonging to the working nor the middle class. This is evident as she states that she is a â€Å"freak† and a â€Å"half-cast†, however, her mother’s unhappiness is a key influence to her decision to stay at the Open University. To Rita the availability of choice is something of a luxury, she has no plan to what she is going to after she finishes the course†¦ However, Rita pampers to the availability of choices. This is evident in the last scene, where Rita is going to do her exams, she does not know what she is going to do for Christmas, however, she says, â€Å"i dunno. I’ll make a decision, I’ll choose. † This reinforces Rita’s luxury of â€Å"choice†. Rita’s choice to study has huge consequences in her personal life. This caused friction with her husband, which later is the key factor to the breakdown of the marriage. The alienation of Rita from her family and friends is yet another consequence of her choice to study. Rita’s alienation is seen in act one scene seven, as Rita cannot find a place to belong, she feels â€Å"out of step†, from both her family and Frank/upper class, describing herself as a â€Å"half-cast†. Rita’s and Frank’s bond slowly diminishes and they both drift away from each other, to a point where frank starts calling her different names. Frank is open too Rita, subsequently Rita is not, Frank feels his â€Å"creation† had turned out to be a â€Å"monster†. Frank decides to call himself â€Å"Mary Shelly†, this is significant as Frank has related Rita and himself to a gothic number called â€Å"Frankenstien†. Franks allusion shows the audience that Rita has â€Å"changed for the worst†. Throughout Educating Rita, there is heavy emphasis of moving into a different social class. Rita is dissatisfied with the limitations she faces within her current working class life. She doesn’t fit in with her peers in her working class neighbourhood; this is evident in act one scene two where she acknowledges that most of her peers would have had a baby, Rita on the other hand wants to â€Å"discover [herself]† and wants â€Å"a better way of livin’†. She attempts to explain her restlessness to Denny, but Denny’s interpretation of Rita’s materialistic terms as just simply saving up and â€Å"moving to a better neighbourhood†. Rita feels congested on the moral values of the working class culture she is a part of. This is evident in act one scene four, she depicts her class as everyone wanting to have a baby, she says that â€Å"everyone expects it†, everyone expects Rita to settle down to a life of marriage. Rita strives for a better social class, one which she can connect with, feeling a large sense of belonging, her desire for a better way of living leads her into the world, letting her husband, Denny behind she can only go forward. As she progresses through her Open University course, she starts to feel more of a â€Å"half cast†, belonging in nether class. She cannot relate to her working class friends, however, she also cannot speak the language of the middle class. Rita’s view of the working class if very critical, she completely denies their culture claiming that she see’s â€Å"everyone pissed†¦ because their lives have no meanin’†. Her view on education is a view of â€Å"setting her free†. In Rita’s first tutorial, she looks outside Franks window peering at the students on the grass, stating; â€Å"god, what’s it like to be free? † an ironic view because Frank is not free, and only restricted as he is unsatisfied with his job, drinking his way though each day. Whilst educating Rita provides the audience with a good account of an individual’s progression to belong to a new culture, â€Å"good will hunting† portrays a complementary account. Like Rita, â€Å"Will hunting† is from the working class culture. Good Will Hunting is a poetic story of a young man’s struggle to find his place in the world by first finding out who he is. This is the case for Rita, she is trying to â€Å"discover herself† . The movie is a journey through the mind of Will Hunting as he is forced to endure therapy instead of jail. With the help of the psychologist, played by Robin Williams, Will discovers himself and realizes his value in the world by understanding what matters to him most. An abused foster child, he subconsciously blames himself for his unhappy upbringing and turns this self-loathing into a form of self-sabotage in both his professional and emotional life. The story is about his challenge to break from his working-class culture, Will Hunting emphasises the elements within â€Å"Educating Rita†, although Will is a troubled genius, they both hold the same characteristics. Will, like Rita experiences the hardships of belonging to a new culture, Will Hunting is also faced with an Ultimatum; Will doesn’t see the opportunities which lie ahead of him, blinded by his path. However, he is put straight by his best mate; Chuckie who states â€Å"Look – you’re my best friend, so don’t take this the wrong way. In twenty years, if you’re still livin’ here, comin’ over to my house, still workin’ construction, I’ll kill you. That’s not a threat I’ll kill you†. This harsh statement is the turning point for Will. Will is completely different to Rita; they are both worlds away from each other. However, in both cases, moving onto a new world involves painful change before moving forward. In both these accounts, moving into a new world involves difficulties and challenges, both characters strive for an education to achieve their desired outcome. Rita achieves her ultimate goal of having â€Å"choice† through education. Will Hunting in â€Å"good will hunting† is forced to take upon education to strive for a better class, to open his opportunities. In both these cases, we see that to go into a new world is overwhelmed by difficulties, but it could also bring their desired reward.

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