Is artificial intelligence possible Essay - 1859 Words

Is artificial intelligence possible? IS A.I. POSSIBLE? In the science fiction film, The Terminator directed by James Cameron, the computers in the movie get smart and rise up against their human masters. In other words, the computers in the movie were able to become independent of their programmers and developed a kind of artificial intelligence (A.I.). This essay will prove that in real life, computers will never realize artificial intelligence, and also even though functionalism is based on an analogy between humans and computers, it is an effective way to describe the interaction between the mind and body. Two essays will be evaluated in this essay. The first essay was called; Can Computers Think? by John Searle which†¦show more content†¦The functionalist theory deflated the importance of the interaction; the mind of the program interacts at one constant level with the brain. Fodor explained the relationship between the mind and the body as a: subtle dualism of absent function (software) and its realization (hardware). Functionalism is also much less rigid a theory when compared to behaviorism. Behaviorism is the theory that all states of mind could be explained by observing a persons behavior, and that a persons mind is just a bunch of psychological dispositions. The problem with behaviorism is demonstrated by Rodins Le Penseur. The problem was, if there was no behavior then the mental states could not be described. Materialism is defined by William Lyons as a view that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦everything mental is totally inside the head. Materialism is similar to functionalism although, materialism says nothing about the relationship between the mind and the body. Searle did not support the idea that idea that the brain could be represented by a digital computer, or that The implementation of an appropriate computer program is sufficient for thinking. Searle based his argument against strong A.I. by saying that computers can only manipulate symbols, and can not understand them. Therefore, computer instructions are only syntactic and not semantic. The computer program operates like this: Input (possible from keyboard)ÃÆ' software programÃÆ' central processing unit (CPU)ÃÆ'Show MoreRelatedHow The Society Values Computer Technology1716 Words   |  7 PagesSociety values Computer Technology Question: Google SDK/Artificial-Intelligence: Is it Good or bad? Table of Content 1.0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 1.1 My theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 1.2 Respondents opinions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 2.0 Summary and Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Figures Fig 1.2.0 Do you interact with artificial intelligent systems? ........................................5 Fig 1.2.1 is it possible for human thinking to be replicated in humans? .......Read MoreThe Future Of Artificial Intelligence1020 Words   |  5 PagesName: Kareem Toluwalope Student ID: B00781950 The Possible Future Of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Artificial Intelligence is the process of humanizing machines. Artificial Intelligence has a lot of benefits and disadvantages, which would increase in the coming years. Artificial Intelligence would be beneficial to humans because we have a lot to improve upon in our society. Artificial Intelligence would be a great asset, but it should be treated with caution. Machines with AI could be used in medicalRead MoreImportance Of Artificial Intelligence1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmost famous science fiction writers, artificial intelligence ( AI) is taking root in our everyday lives† ( Science Fiction to Reality 1). Artificial Intelligence is a machinery which includes network and a probabilistic model. Artificial intelligence is the computer that can now spontaneously translate spoken and written conversation. It can also recognize and accurately cations photos, identify faces and can be your personal assistant. Artificial intelligence has specific technologies, like theRead MoreHuman Intelligence And Artificial Intelligence1545 Words   |  7 Pagesconsensus on what human intelligence is, how it works, and how it is formed. There are several different theories as to what intelligence is, and there is no concrete explanation of intelligence. Despite these uncertainties, many have proposed the idea modeling human intelligence and creatin g artificial intelligence. Many see artificial intelligence as a way to bypass human error and to improve jobs by completing them faster and more accurately. They argue that artificial intelligence can be based onRead MoreThe Age Of Artificial Intelligence1418 Words   |  6 PagesJennie Nguyen Ms.Decker Honors English IV 24 Sept. 2015 The Age of Artificial Intelligence â€Å"Intelligence is described as the ability to adapt to new environments and situations and being able to understand consequences and effects that your actions cause. 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Many encyclopaedias and other reference works state that the first large-scaleRead MoreCan Artificial Consciousness be Possible?868 Words   |  4 PagesCan artificial consciousness be possible? In other words, can a machine be conscious and have the same behavior as a human. Artificial consciousness or also can be referred as machine consciousness are machines created by humans that are programmed to have artificial intelligence in the machine’s system. This means that machines are programmed to have the intelligence as a human. However, would it be possible for humans to create a machine that is programmed to have the ability to think, feel, andRead MoreFuture Of Life : Thanks With Artificial Intelligence1451 Words   |  6 PagesFuture of Life: Thanks to Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence is soon to be a massively important and relevant part of our future. I have no doubt about it, and knowing this... I began my research simply wanting to know more about AI and it’s current and speculative uses and capabilities. I wanted to know how we planned to accommodate for the biggest change our species has ever experienced, I wanted to find out how legislature would adapt, how research would spring up, how production

Social Media And Networking Have A Strong Influence On

Social media and networking have a strong influence on most people’s lives. Whether researching a topic, listening to news, or looking through social media platforms, like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, or LinkedIn, individuals find their way in life by these connections. In the 21st century this is the only way people gain information about anything and without it they feel lost and setback with their social ties. Now the question is, if people only use social media to feature information of themselves, or if they are using it to recognize everyday current events and information to enhance their future. Brian Williams, author of â€Å"Enough About You†, proposes the idea that our generation has â€Å"implied a message that if it has to do with you,†¦show more content†¦Social software helps us learn essential skills that will benefit students in the future. It increases the chance of knowing â€Å"how to select relevant information, critically interpreting an d analysing the socio-cultural context, working collaboratively and sharing knowledge† (239). This new advanced technology is learning how to critically think and work to make students advanced in their career. Students are not self-contained in only their life and things that interest them like Williams considers, â€Å"individuals have the autonomy to create and express themselves online, to author their own content, and to share that content with others in efficient and meaningful ways† (239). They create a balance between their community and the way they use social media as a benefit rather than information that only contains their interests and desires. Another way that social media helps to gain knowledge for students is by social networking. Students have been exposed to social networks for many years and it has influenced their education. Paul acknowledges, â€Å"some professors are beginning to use online social networking in hopes of positively influencing the outcomes of class discussions and teamwork on projects and better communication with andShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Mobile Technology1515 Words   |  7 Pagesof the population, mainly in the western society.† Social media and mobile technology thus play a central role as a modern communication tool among several internet user groups with different purposes. In particular, the elderly users over 60-75 years old of age or ‘older baby boomers’, who frequently use a social media, are on the rise in most developed countries (Nikou, 2015, 294). In recent years, the aging population has noticeably used social network sites in their everyday life; however, thereRead MoreHow Class Antagonisms Influence Life Online1156 Words   |  5 PagesHow Class Antagonisms Influence Life Online In S. Craig Watkins’ essay, â€Å"From The Young and the Digital,† he examines how class variances influence social-networking usage according to modern day times. With technology usage at an all-time high, social media usage is sparking in popularity making communication become more virtual than it has ever been. Many predicted that with this shift from real face time to virtual face time, existing social inequalities would dissipate. However, this is notRead MoreRole of Social Media1138 Words   |  5 PagesRole of social media Social media plays an essential role in our daily life. When it comes to the problem that if people should keep records or experiences by exposing photos on social networking sites, their opinions vary from person to person. In the following paragraphs, this popular controversy will be addressed as both position is thoroughly analyzed. The invention of social media has pulled people together, building strong social connections, making the world smaller, and enabling peopleRead MoreSocial Networking and Japanese Children1056 Words   |  4 PagesBackground Social networking is not new, but really a part of human culture ever since prehistory. However, social networking to the nth level, globally and through the Internet, is clearly a late-20th, early 21st century, phenomenon. Social networks are social structures in which there are ties between individuals. These individuals form clusters of like-minded interests, commonalities, and/or cultural communities. Modern social networking sites began to become extremely popular when two thingsRead MoreThe Importance of Social Media to Activism Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Importance of Social Media According to Dictionary.reference.com, activism is the policy or action of using campaigning to bring about political or social change. A huge campaign that is well known across the world, the Civil Rights Movement, was brought about by Martin Luther King, Jr. King risked his life everyday to ensure justice and equality for the African American race. â€Å"Small Change† by Malcolm Gladwell gives insight on how activism is more effective than social media, especially fromRead MoreElectronic Communication As A Barrier For Traditional Communication934 Words   |  4 Pagescultures is changing due to electrical communication through the increasing use internet and phone application. Advances in media and technology and the widespread usage of the internet are influencing cultures and cultural communication. Many of our culture exchanges are learned within our culture interactions with our family or our peers at work and school. However, social institutions are being disrupt ed by society s constant connection to digital device. Were behavior and communication is reducedRead MoreSocial Networking Is Beneficial For Students And Grown Ups1182 Words   |  5 Pagesto do with social networking. Social network is highly important because it is used on a daily basis in our surroundings. Technology has progressed throughout the years, and has created many opportunities for students, businesses, and adults to succeed. Almost everyone in the world has access to the Internet or soon will have access to the Internet. This topic is important because many have the image/ belief that social networking is bad, and have debated on what is considered a social network.Read MoreIdentifying Social Networking Strategy And Technology That Can Boost Up Their Occupancy Rate, Repeat Purchase And Customer Loyalty1724 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The purpose of this research is not to evaluate how many hoteliers vigorously using social media strategy, comparatively is to examine the area and objective of the issue why some hoteliers don’t understand and grasp the importance of social networking as a new tool of communication with its consumers or guests. Recommending solution to this issue that can help different hotelier to implement social networking strategy and technology that can boost up their occupancy rate, repeat-purchase and customerRead MoreThe Current System Of Global Social Networking Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesexchange of thoughts and ideas among people were once hindered by long distances and cultural divides, but this is no longer true as knowledge and information are currently free flowing. The current system of global social networking allows for ample sharing of thoughts and ideas with online social networks such as Twitter and Facebook emerging as giants in this new world (Hogan, 2010). Qualman (2010) stated that the introduction of technological innovations and infrastructure into countries has been a majorRead MoreThe Current System Of Global Social Networking Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesexchange of thoughts and ideas among people were once hindered by long distances and cultural divides, but this is no longer true as knowledge and information are currently free flowing. The current system of global social networking allows for ample sharing of thoughts and ideas with online social networks such as Twitter and Facebook emerging as giants in this new world (Hogan, 2010). Qualman (2010) stated that the introduction of technological innovations and infrastructure into countries has been a major

Teamwork and Its Issues Related to Society- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theTeamwork and Its Issues Related to Society. Answer: Introduction In accordance to many scholars, the definition of the teamwork can be many and different, but as per my understanding the term teamwork signifies the meaning of working together for the achievement of one goal. As the term indicates teamwork is working within a team. As I have worked various organizations I have experienced teamwork and I personally feel there are some basic as well as underlying rules of working within a team which makes the effective result of the same. At the same time, I personally feel that every person in the team must understand and follow these rules for a smoother outcome of the activity. However, in the following section of the essay I will be discussing my experience in teamwork from various organizations I have worked for. Along with this, I will present the basic norms of the team working for any purpose. Being a student of the university, I have worked for many organizations for earning my pocket money and while working with various people I have learned and experienced the meaning of team work. Not only all the time I have gained a smoother working experience, but also I have encountered several issues within the same context. From my experience, I feel that all the issues have some connection to the society and well as to the personal life of the people. Besides, I strongly feel that the team working refers to ones realization of the responsibility imposed upon him. However, I realized that working within a team helps one enhancing his abilities, sense of responsibilities, performance, trust and most importantly makes one a positive and better person. For example, while working in various organizations I have gradually developed my interpersonal skills and communication is the finest example of it. Apart from that, I have not only developed my communicative and other personal skill s, but have become more responsible and sensible person which is important for living in a society. I have realized that there will definitely arise some issues within the team while working together and to certain extent the issues create impact on the team members as well as on the societies. On the other hand, the issues are responsible for creating conflicts among the group members and hazards in the intended activities. Therefore, I feel that one must ensure the proper understating and realization of the rules and ethics of working in a team in order to avoid the any conflicts and hazards. Some of the issues that I have encountered both in my part and in the part of my co workers are in the contexts of communication, leadership, accountability and responsibility, creativity, participation, decision making and many others. However, I will be highlighting there mentioned issues in this essays and the connection of the same to the society. The first issue that I want to mention is about communication. I strongly feel that the communication is the most important aspect of the teamwork. Without effective communication among the group members as well as with the leaders the intended objectives cannot be met. The purpose of the effective communication is to have a proper understanding among the members of the team which helps the team to achieve the goal set for them. Poor communication in a team refers to the talking of one member over another or interrupting the conversations of others. Apart from that the poor communication also indicates the absence of one member of the team from communication with others. All these examples of poor communication are capable of arising argumentative situations within the team which can hamper the activities. For example, while working in a restaurant as a delivery boy, I had to maintain proper communication both with my co workers as well as with the customers. Effective communication was the basis of my job. If I failed in communicating with the people I was working with, the purpose of my job would not be fulfilled. On the other hand, the failing to establish proper communication once created severe conflicts with the customers of the restaurant. For example, once I took an order from the customers and asked to prepare the same to my co workers. Unfortunately, he somehow misunderstood my saying and delivered the wrong order to the customer. Naturally, there arose conflicts between the customer and the delivery boy. This was one of my initial experiences that I have gained while working within a team. These kinds of situations has arisen many times after that I from all the situations I have learned and realized that communication issues are general in teamwork. I have come to realize that the communication issues have both direct and indirect connection to the society. The social value of the people is to certain extent determined by the communication. As per my understanding of the issues deriving from the communication, the communication of the people determines the social standards of them. Improper communication between two people is capable of the disrupting the social standards and values of both. Apart from this, there is positive aspect of the communicative issues that I have realized had helped me developing my communicative skills. Through the various jobs and number of different issues deriving from communication, I have helped to gradually enhance my communicative skills in terms of the effective social communication. Leadership is another major issue that frequently occurs in the teamwork. Any team needs a leader who guides and motivates the team to meet the target. Leaders of the team defines the activities and tasks to the team members for certain purpose. Therefore, I believe that the leaders of the team are strengths and base of the same. As I have worked with various organizations with various teams, I have seen many issues deriving from the leadership. I believe that, the basic style of leadership must portray the positive and inspiring aspect of the leader so the team members are motivated to work for the targeted goals. However, there are various styles of the leadership as stated by various scholars. According to my experience, there can arise many issues within a team related to leadership. Ineffective leadership, de-motivating or dominating leaders, poor decision making are some of the issues that can be highlighted in leadership activities in teamwork. I strongly believe that the leaders of the team are responsible for providing the team members with inclusive vision and purpose for working. Failing to do the same can be mentioned as the ineffectiveness of the leadership. Besides, the leaders of the organizations are also responsible for managing any kind of change within the organization for making the team members understanding the necessity of the change. Therefore, as the scholars stats and according to my experience in professional context, the leadership issues are one of the major in the teamwork and are capable of hampering the usual workflow within the same. Among the various organizations I have worked in supermarket as sales executives, which I believe is one of the challenging jobs. We were a team of fifteen people under one sales manager. We were responsible for selling the goods to the customers. The responsibilities of our sales manager were to guide us in our job and motivate us for the same as this job at times felt boring and frustrating. Being the sales manager, he was the leader of the sales group and was responsible for managing his team. However, I found out that he failed to do his job which made some of the team members to leave the job. The leadership of the manager was ineffective in terms of communication, guidance and motivation. He failed to make us understand our job responsibilities and guide us for the same. On a different note, this needs to be mentioned that both the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of the leadership can be seen in the political leadership. If the people of the nation are considered as the team then the political leader can be considered as the team leader. I believe that the leadership of a broader perspective can be developed from the smaller context. Therefore, I feel that the leadership has the direct connection to society in terms of its effectiveness and responsibilities. The next issue that I want to highlight in regard to the teamwork is the responsibility and accountability of each person working within a team. Being responsible for the given job and accountable for own deeds is one of the major aspects of the teamwork. Since, I have gained wide experience from various professions; I have encountered many issues within the team regarding responsibilities and accountability of the team members. I personally opine that these two qualities of a person reflect his personality. At the same time, I understood that these qualities are at the same time necessary and important for working in team in order to maintain a proper coordination and understanding among the team members as well as about the intended activities. I would like to provide an example of the issue regarding the responsibility and accountability in teamwork. While working in a restaurant we had team of twelve people and each of us was given different responsibilities to work for. I found out that some of the team members are not serious about their responsibilities and often commit mistakes in their job. When asked about the same they refuse to admit about their mistakes and usually blame another person responsible for their deeds. This kind of situations often created conflicts within the team. Therefore, I feel that sense of responsibilities and accountability is another major aspect of the teamwork. The accountability refers to the responsibility for own deeds and it is important for maintaining appropriate culture within the team as well as in the workplace. I believe that each person of the team must be accountable for their own activities which I feel will make the achievement of the targeted goal easier for the team. As per my personal opinion, I also feel that accountability also denotes the understanding of own responsibilities that have been provided to me. Therefore, I understood and feel that the sense of responsibilities and accountability is important in teamwork for serving the purpose which the team has been provided with. The responsibilities and accountability is directly connected to the society and I feel the same is developed from a smaller context. I believe that every one of us has certain responsibilities towards the society and each must perform the same for the sake of the society. Besides, everyone must be accountable for their own activities that makes harm to the society. Hence, I affirm that the issues regarding the same has the direct and major connection to the society for which everyone of the team must ensure the importance of the sense of responsibilities accountability. Apart from these major issues there are some issues that can be identified as other influencing issues of teamwork. Creativity is one of the minor issues that are capable of influencing the usual workflow of the teamwork. Creativity is important within the team in order to modifying the workflow. Any issues within the team regarding the creativity such as lack of creativity; ineffectiveness of creativity can disrupt the usual workflow of the team. On the other hand, the participation of all the member in the team in important for attaining the required and intended goals. The lack of full participation of each member of the team in the team activities ensures the effective and successful teamwork. Another important issue is the decision making which is crucial in decision making. Each of the team members is responsible for decision making of the team as the whole towards the certain goal. Any issues within the team regarding the decision making for certain purpose hampers activities of the team. In accordance to my understanding and opinion of all these minor issues, these issues to certain extent can be linked with the social context. As I have stated, creativity is important in a team in order to generate new and fresh ideas for serving the provided purpose. To certain extent, creative and innovative ideas of team members and the leaders determines the success of the team. The lack of creativity is considered to be one of the minor but important issues within a team that is capable of disrupting team work. On the other note, the creativity of the team is related to the society in terms of development. The society is constantly and consistently striving for development and reaching this aim the society needs new and creative ideas which cannot be grown by an individual. Therefore, the teamwork is important in terms of creativity for the development of the society. I consider the participation of each people in the team necessary since I feel that without the proper and full participation of all people in the group, the achievement of the target is not possible. The complete participation of the people I believe, ensure the performance of the team towards the certain goal. Considering this fact, any issue regarding the participation such as lack of participation, unwilling participation is indirectly linked with the society. For example, while working as the waiter in Starbucks one of my colleagues was reluctant to join our team. Later I found out that that particular person was also reluctant to participate in any social activities. Therefore, I realized that any issues regarding the participation of the people in the group has a broader impact in terms of social perspective. The last but not the least issue is regarding the decision making. I personally feel that decision making is one of the important aspects of the teamwork as the decision making impacts of the activities and performance of the team for a certain purpose. The lack of ability to make decisions or ineffective or poor decision making can affect the performance of the team (Levi, 2015). Again, if the fact is considered on a broader perspective like society, the lack of efficiency in decision making impacts on the social life of the people. Therefore, I would like to conclude that all the above mentioned issues are primarily thee different aspects of teamwork.I realize that if all these aspects are not maintained properlythese emerge as the issues and these issues are capable of disrupting and affecting the natural workflow of team. Along with this, the issues influence the performance of team as the whole. Apart from this, the issues are directly or indirectly connected to society in terms of maintaining social values and standards for living in the society. From the great amount of experience, I have gained from various professions; I have developed my realization and personal skills through the numerous issues in the teamwork. Reference: Bennett, J., Pitt, M., Price, S. (2012). Understanding the impact of generational issues in the workplace.Facilities,30(7/8), 278-288. Lee, H., Bonk, C. J. (2014). Collaborative Learning in the Workplace: Practical Issues and Concerns.International Journal of Advanced Corporate Learning,7(2). Levi, D. (2015).Group dynamics for teams. Sage Publications. Rosenbach, W. E., Taylor, R. L., Youndt, M. A. (2012).Contemporary issues in leadership. Westview Press. Salas, E., Rosen, M. A. (2013). Building high reliability teams: progress and some reflections on teamwork training.BMJ Qual Saf,22(5), 369-373. Tannenbaum, S. I., Mathieu, J. E., Salas, E., Cohen, D. (2012). Teams are changing: Are research and practice evolving fast enough?.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,5(1), 2-24. Thory, K. (2013). A gendered analysis of emotional intelligence in the workplace: Issues and concerns for human resource development.Human Resource Development Review,12(2), 221-244.

A Great Hatred essays

A Great Hatred essays James Baldwins Notes on a Native Son tells the story of his life from childhood up to an adult. Ever since he was a young boy, Baldwin has gone through different stages of development1 just trying to get through his life troubled with racism. I believe Baldwin fully understands the hate that racism has brought him, but just hasnt found a way to rid such a great hatred from his heart. Baldwins childhood was tough. Though his father was physically there he really wasnt there. His children didnt know him as a father, but rather someone who is hating and fearing every living soul including his children. (3). Baldwins father wasnt only mad at people in general; he had an extreme hatred for white people. Even when the white school teacher, who Baldwins mother gave the highest regard, helped them for years, his father still couldnt make himself trust her. His father also pushed young Baldwin away from his white friends. He claimed, Whites would do anything to keep a Negro down (5). A year before his fathers death, Baldwin moved to New Jersey. His rough life only continued when he saw first hand that whites were very racist towards all Negros living there. He realized that one was never looked at, but was simply at the mercy of the reflexes the color of ones skin caused other people (5). On Baldwins fourth visit to a local restaurant he finally understood the great burden of the Jim Crow laws. Baldwin realized the restaurant he was attending was not one in which he was used to. Negros were not served there (5). This wasnt the only place in New Jersey that was under the Jim Crow law. No matter where he went, Baldwin says, I was always being forced to leave (5). White people were starting to get to Baldwin now. The hate in his heart was only growing stronger. C ...

Fight Club Masculinity Essay Example

Fight Club Masculinity Essay Example Fight Club Masculinity Paper Fight Club Masculinity Paper Essay Topic: Fight Club Novel Chuck Palahniuk’s Fight Club is the story of a man struggling to find himself. The main character, a nameless narrator, is clearly unhappy with his life. He obsessively fakes diseases and attends support group sessions as a way to deal with his hopelessness. Obsessive behaviors often lead to unfavorable events if they are interrupted (Lizardo). Just as it seems the support groups have brought him to a form of equilibrium, they are interrupted by a fellow faker. His inability to treat his restlessness by attending these support groups drives the narrator to shocking extremes. As the text continues, it becomes obvious that the narrator’s true struggle lies within his efforts to find a form of masculinity that best suits him. Many men in today’s society are in search of what it means to be a man (Connell). The many definitions for masculinity create an abundance of confusion for an individual searching for its meaning (Franklin). Palahniuk uses the two most prominent characters in Fight Club to demonstrate males in pursuit of the ideal form of masculinity. This paper will discuss how he deconstructs their efforts using the four themes of masculinity. The commonly cited gender-role model states that there are four major masculine themes that men struggle to maintain. The first theme is â€Å"No Sissy Stuff† (Kahn). This theme encourages men to distance themselves from femininity, any type of heterosexism toward gay men, and to avoid showing any emotion. It is also demonstrated by men who simply don’t do what women do. Men who follow this theme reject anything that is perceived as threatening to masculinity (Brubaker). â€Å"Be a Big Wheel† establishes the second theme. This theme suggests that masculinity is the dominance and power over others. : Wealth, status, and physical space are some examples of how this form of masculinity is exerted onto others. Men who are unable to achieve the Big Wheel status are often left feeling powerless and discouraged (Kahn). The third theme is called â€Å"The Sturdy Oak. † This theme involves men who need to be independent and self reliant. They, like an oak tree, must remain unaffected by weather and conditions (Kahn). This includes having control over their emotions. Men relating to this theme must always be seen as reliable. Men who embody this these usually distance themselves from others and have difficulty maintaining meaningful relationships (Brubaker). The final theme is â€Å"Give’em Hell. † Men who model this theme feel the need to be courageous risk-takers (Brubaker). Followers of this theme do so in a variety of ways. Some resort to violence at the risk to themselves and others, while many use a form of perseverance to align themselves with this masculine ideal. Men following this theme will do almost anything to ensure their belief of masculinity is met (Kahn). It is difficult, if not impossible, for a man to achieve all four forms of masculinity; however, it does not stop men from trying (Brubaker). The men in Fight Club use these four forms of masculinity to measure their identities as males (Kahn). Most men are in pursuit of a concept known as hegemonic masculinity. Hegemonic masculinity is the form of masculinity that society believes most strongly (Lusher, Dean, and Robins). Given these four forms of masculinity, we know that society does not support one superior form of masculinity above others (Kahn). Therefore, men who attempt to achieve hegemonic masculinity are unable to do so. The characters in Fight Club, like men in our society, are in the pursuit of hegemonic masculinity. The following characters will demonstrate some of the struggles during their pursuit. Narrator The most prominent character in Fight Club is the narrator. By keeping the narrator an unnamed character, Palahniuk allows the audience to participate in the creation of the character’s identity. It is important to recognize that the reader’s perceptions also play a role when identifying the masculine traits the narrator is trying to display. As the reader progresses through the text, the narrator changes his beliefs, values, behaviors, and attitudes several times. It becomes obvious that the narrator has changed his theme of masculinity at least three times throughout the text. These changes in his identity surface as a direct result from his pursuit of hegemonic masculinity. In order to effectively monitor the narrators movement from one masculine theme to the next, moving through the text in chronological order of events will be most efficient. That is, even though the first chapter of the book is describing the ending, the narrator’s first theme of masculinity is portrayed in chapter two. Chapter two is when Palahniuk begins to describe the narrator’s first theme of masculinity. In chapter two, the narrator is attending a support group called Remaining Men Together. This support group is the only thing that provides comfort for the narrator as he suffers from insomnia. Remaining Men Together is a support group for men with testicular cancer. At the beginning of this chapter, his actions are almost anti-masculine as he interacts with his fellow members. He is literally pretending to have no balls, which are usually used as a man’s most prominent display of masculinity (Boon, and Alexander). He also shows deep emotion by crying into the breasts of his fellow male member, Bob. The narrator quickly changes his behavior when he discovers a young woman, Marla, watching him at Remaining Men Together. After two years of being able to cry and express himself at this support group, the narrator is interrupted. He is unable to cry with Marla watching. He immediately establishes the â€Å"Be a Big Wheel† theme of masculinity in order to preserve his spot at the support group. Her arms squeezed tight against her sides, and my lips pressed against her ear, I’ll say, Marla, you big fake, you get out. † â€Å"The next time we meet, I’ll say, Marla, I can’t sleep with you here. I need this. Get out. † The narrator is trying to exert his dominance and power over Marla in order to obtain his right to be at Remaining Men Together. As the novel moves on, the narrator is very discouraged and begins to suffer from his insomnia once again. The â€Å"Be a Big Wheel† theme states that men who are unable to achieve the â€Å"Big Wheel† status are often left feeling powerless and discouraged (Kahn). This would hold true for the narrator. His inability to stop Marla from attending the support groups leads to negotiations that ultimately do not satisfy his need for relief. He is forced to find another way to treat his insomnia. Just as all hope seems lost, the narrator meets Tyler Durden and asks him to â€Å"deliver him from being perfect and complete† (Palahniuk). At first, Tyler and his philosophies help the narrator find another release for his suffering. Together they invent Fight Club. During this period of the book, the narrator begins to follow the â€Å"Give’em Hell† masculine theme. The narrator attends multiple Fight Club meetings and begins to stray away from the support groups he used to attend. At Fight Club, he directly models the â€Å"Give’em Hell† theme by resorting to violence at the risk to himself and others in order to display his masculinity (Kahn, Brubaker). During the hours of Fight Club, he and his fellow members become different people and present their masculinities in ways they never have. Who guys are in Fight Club is not who they are in the real world. Even if you told the kid in the copy center that he had a good fight, you wouldn’t be talking to the same man. † Shortly after its invention, the narrator’s behaviors shown at Fight Club begin to carry over to his day to day life. The narrator’s transformation to the â€Å"Give’em Hell† theme is complete. Just as the narrator begins to feel happy and content, Tyler hits an extreme, so the narrator no longer feels comfortable participating. Tyler invented another group outside of Fight Club called Project Mayhem. When Project Mayhem takes a turn for the worst, the narrator switches his masculine theme, yet again, to stop Tyler. As Tyler and Project Mayhem take a turn for the worst, the narrator becomes suspicious. Then, without any warning, Tyler disappears. While Tyler is absent, the narrator investigates Project Mayhem and searches for answers about Tyler Durden. During his expedition, he takes on the â€Å"Sturdy Oak† masculine theme. He is acting upon his own free will for the first time since he met Tyler. He will do what he must in order to find Tyler and stop Project Mayhem. The narrator’s acts of independency and control over his emotions mirror the â€Å"Be a Sturdy Oak† theme (Kahn). As the narrator gets closer to finding the truth about Tyler, Tyler presents himself. At this moment, the narrator discovers that, all along, Tyler has been a figment of his imagination. The narrator is schizophrenic. Ordinarily, this discovery would yield a great deal of emotion. The narrator, however, remains the â€Å"Sturdy Oak† and tries to analyze the situation without emotion and take control. â€Å" This is a dream. Tyler is a projection. He’s a dis- associative personality disorder. A psychogenic fugue state. Tyler Durden is my hallucination. † The narrator ends the film using the â€Å"Sturdy Oak† theme. In order to stop Project Mayhem, he took control of his emotions. He acted independently of Tyler, and shot himself in order to kill Tyler. This act ultimately ended his struggle for hegemonic masculinity because the narrator has in essence has chosen to be the â€Å"Sturdy Oak. † As the narrator progresses through each of these themes, he is in a constant battle to find hegemonic masculinity. The gender-role model of masculinity states that no man is likely to achieve all four masculine themes (Kahn). The narrator, however, comes dangerously close to achieving all four themes. Palahniuk created an extremely complex character by allowing the unnamed narrator to change his masculine identity several times throughout the text. Tyler Tyler is created by the narrator to fill a void in the narrator’s life. The narrator’s dissatisfaction with every aspect of his personality is somehow contrasted by Tyler’s. As the narrator and Tyler interact, the narrator begins to mirror Tyler’s behaviors and philosophies. It seems the narrator created his own mentor. During Fight Club, Tyler taught the narrator how to be a man. Over time, he also showed the narrator what kind of man he did not want to become. Palahniuk’s creation of Tyler’s character is far less complex than the narrator. Unlike the narrator, Tyler remains steady and consistent with one of the four themes of masculinity. Everything he does can be considered risk-taking behavior; and he definitely uses violence to ensure his belief of masculinity is met. Tyler models the â€Å"Give’em Hell† theme of masculinity for the entire text (Kahn). Starting with the creation of Fight Club, Tyler believes all of the narrator’s problems can be solved by â€Å"hitting rock bottom† (Palahniuk). â€Å"Only through destroying myself can I discover the great power of my spirit. † â€Å"We really won’t die. This isn’t really death, we’ll be legend. We won’t grow old. Tyler’s belief in destruction throughout the entire book is how he demonstrates his masculinity. He completes, what he thinks are, courageous acts to ensure his belief of masculinity is met. This also demonstrates the â€Å"Give’em Hell† theme of masculinity (Brubaker). In contrast, the narrator was unable to exert any form of masculinity into his life until he created Tyler’s influence. After the invention of Fight Club, the narrator continued to learn how to be the man he wanted to be. This is shown when the narrator and his fellow Fight Club members seem to be satisfied with their masculinity. After Project Mayhem starts, however, the narrator becomes agitated and acts out in defiance toward Tyler’s version of the â€Å"Give’em Hell† form of masculinity. Tyler begins to step outside of the parameters of this theme and the narrator is noticeably uncomfortable. In the narrator’s eyes, Tyler makes the transition from the perfect man- â€Å"I love everything about Tyler Durden, his courage and his smarts. His nerve. Tyler if funny and charming and forceful and independent, and men look up to him and expect him to change their world. Tyler is capable and free, and I am not. † to insane and out of control- It has to be big, Picture this: you on top of the world’s tallest building, the whole building taken over by Project Mayhem. Smoke rolling out the windows. Desks falling into the crowds on the street. A real opera of a death, that’s what you’re going to get. † The narrator is then seen as the protagonist, trying to eliminate Tyler, the antagonist, and his drastic actions. In the end, the narrator shoots himself hoping the bullet will result in Tyler’s death, and ultimately the death of Tyler’s new form of masculinity. Ironically, the narrator once wanted this form of masculinity for himself. It is in this moment, when Tyler is eliminated, the narrator has found the theme that, to him, best demonstrates hegemonic masculinity. Even though Tyler’s character becomes an extremest, his core values that drive his behavior are still set within the parameters of the â€Å"Give’em Hell† theme of masculinity. All the way through the text until his eventual â€Å"death†, he remains a violent risk-taker who will do anything to ensure his alignment to this masculine theme. His behavior, although unorthodox, was a form of the â€Å"Give’em Hell† theme (Kahn). Conclusion Chuck Palahniuk’s Fight Club is a story about a man struggling to find himself. He used the narrator and Tyler in this story to demonstrate the pursuit of hegemonic masculinity. Palahniuk wasn’t glorifying violence, sex, consumerism, or even masculinity itself. He was giving the reader a critique of the steps men are willing to take in order to obtain societies’ preferred theme of masculinity. Palahniuk uses Tyler’s character to state the following: â€Å"We don’t have a great war in our generation, or a great depression, but we do, we have a great war of the spirit. We have a great revolution against the culture. The great depression is our lives. We have a spiritual depression. We have to show these men and women freedom by enslaving them, and show them courage by frightening them. † Through this passage, Palahniuk is describing why, in our society, men have such a hard time defining themselves and claiming a form of masculinity. The narrator’s struggle throughout his journey to â€Å"masculine-enlightenment† is shared by many males in society. Men are able to relate to both the schizophrenic narrator and Tyler. Chuck Palahniuk’s Fight Club shows society through an extreme and entertaining story, something that occurs on a daily basis and surrounds us all.

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